Kanker Sel Hati (Karsinoma Hepatoseluler)
Hati adalah sebuah organ besar, padat, yang terletak berdempetan dengan dekat rongga badan di dalam perut sebelah atas kanan dan dilindungi seluruhnya oleh rangka iga. Hati mempunyai fungsi ganda: pertama, memproduksi dan mengalirkan empedu ke usus untuk pencernaan lemak dan kedua, mengolah makanan yang datang dari usus lewat vena porta, sampai ke bagian-bagian penting bagi metabolisme, di semua jaringan dan organ tubuh. Untuk hal itu ada empat sistem percabangan di seluruh hati. Pertama, kedua pembuluh darah masuk, yaitu pembuluh nadi hati yang berisi darah penuh zat asam dan vena porta dari usus yang berisi bahan makanan yang dua-duanya tentu bercabang di seluruh hati. Kemudian, dua sistem yang keluar: saluran-saluran kecil empedu dari seluruh hati yang bergabung menjadi sistem saluran empedu ke usus dan pembuluh balik hati ke pendarahan tubuh dengan nutrien untuk metabolisme dan asam arang yang akan dibersihkan di paru. Hati dibagi dalam berbagai bagian.
Hepatoma Kanker Hati
Hati mempunyai kemampuan istimewa untuk beregenerasi sesudah kehilangan jaringan atau terluka. Kehilangan jaringan oleh penyebab apapun juga, cukup cepat terkompensasi dan digantikan, tanpa meninggalkan bekas luka parut yang menyulitkan. Pada radang yang berlangsung lama, jaringan radang berubah menjadi jaringan ikat kaku yang mengisut, sehingga dapat mengakibatkan hilangnya fungsi yang serius. Keadaan ini, sesuai warnanya (kuning-jingga) disebut sirosis (kirrhos = jingga-kuning) merupakan salah satu dasar bagi kanker hati.
Di bawah istilah kanker hati, sekaligus dibicarakan kanker hati primer dan sekunder. Yang pertama, yang berpangkal dari sel-sel hati, disebut kanker sel hati (karsinoma hepatoseluler). Yang kedua terdiri atas sebuah kelompok metastasis yang berasal dari tumor induk dimanapun di dalam tubuh. Kita akan membahas terlebih dulu masalah kanker sel hati dan sesudah itu, beberapa ciri umum metastasis di hati.
Kanker sel hati
Kanker sel hati, adalah kanker hati ‘biasa’ yang terjadi di manapun di dunia, tetapi terjadi secara endemis pada penduduk asli di Cina, Asia Tenggara, dan negara-negara Afrika di sebelah Selatan Sahara. Di negara-negara ini, kanker berkembang khusus di hati yang terinfeksi hepatitis-B kronis. Insidens (frekuensi kejadian) di daerah endemis ini, tiga puluh per 100.000 penduduk per tahun, adalah sepuluh kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan negara risiko rendah, tempat dimana alkohol memegang peranan terpenting. Penggunaan alkohol secara intensif dan berlangsung lama di negara-negara Barat selalu merupakan penyebab penting dan sirosis hati dengan akibat meningkatnya insidens kanker hepatoselular yang tidak terhindarkan.
Kanker hati primer di daerah endemis sering berkembang cepat dan fatal. Inilah gambaran yang ditandai oleh penentuan diagnosis di dalam fase terminal. Semakin serius sirosis akibat hepatitits kronis, semakin besar risiko untuk berkembangnya karsinoma hepatoselular. Menurut Child keadaan ini dibagi tiga kelas (A, B, dan C) sesuai keseriusan penyakit, berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan darah dan gambaran klinis. Di sini, Child C yang paling serius.
Penyaringan, terutama terarah pada penderita sirosis Child A, lewat pemeriksaan darah (a.l. penanda alfa-foetoprotein [AFP]) dan ekhografi dapat menghasilkan sejumlah kasus diagnosis dini.
Patologi
Tumor ini mempunyai banyak gambaran, bentuk, dan perluasan. Terkadang sumbemya terpencil, tetapi umumnya terdapat banyak tumor yang tersebar membaur di seluruh hati. Oleh karena itu, karsinoma hepatoselular sering berwujud sebagai proses multifokal. Suatu tumor terpencil tanpa gejala, dengan penampang kurang dari tiga sentimeter, sesudah tiga tahun mempunyai persentase ketahanan hidup sekitar lima puluh dan sesudah lima tahun sekitar sepuluh lebih. Metastasisnya terutama ke pare dan tulang.
Patologi Hepatoma
Gambaran klinis
Biasanya makan waktu lama sebelum muncul keluhan dan gejala. Selama tumor masih dikelilingi jaringan hati tidak ada gejala. Baru apabila tumor tumbuh menembus kapsula hati, akan terasa nyeri. Nyeri akut terjadi karena perdarahan dan tumor. Sering, perut membengkak (busung) karena cairan (asites) yang disebabkan oleh pembendungan vena porta akibat sirosisnya. Pada stadium lebih lanjut, nafsu makan hilang dan dapat muncul ikterus (penyakit kuning) akibat bendungan saluran empedu. Keluhan sering didominasi oleh dekompensasi sirosisnya: bendungan dengan asites (busung) serius, perdarahan pembuluh balik kerongkongan yang terbendung, dan buruknya keadaan umum. Pada sirosis hati dengan peninggian kadar AFP dalam darah yang sumber tumornya berada di hati seperti ditunjukkan secara ekhogafis, hanya memerlukan pemeriksaan sitologis dan cairan pungsi tumor untuk membuktikan diagnosis karsinoma hepatoselular.
Penanganan
Sebelum penanganan dimulai, harus ada gambaran yang jelas mengenai keadaan umum penderita dan situasi setempat. Seringkali keparahan sirosis hati menentukan terapinya. Apabila fungsi hati sangat terganggu tidak ada terapinya. Juga, terbendungnya hati karena sirosisnya akan melumpuhkan setiap aktivitas kuratif. Batas terapi bedah juga terletak pada keadaan hati setempat dan perluasan tumornya. Penderita sirosis Child A, mungkin dapat dioperasi; tetapi operasi tidak lagi dapat dipertimbangkan pada Child C. Operasi dan tumor ini, hanya mungkin, apabila masih terbatas sampai satu atau dua baga. Operasi sudah tidak mungkin dilakukan apabila ada beberapa tumor di dalam lebih dan dua bagian, tumor sudah meluas ke organ-organ sekitarnya, ada metastasis (sering di paru atau tulang), tumor bertumbuh masuk ke saluran empedu dan/atau ke pembuluh darah masuk dan keluar.
Sebagai tindakan paliatif, dapat dipertimbangkan embolisasi dari pembuluh nadi yang memberi makan tumor, pemberian sitostastika intra-arterial atau perfusi terisolasi dengan sitostatika pada hati. Transplantasi hidup sangat jarang dipertimbangkan. Penyinaran dan terapi sistemis juga hanya dimungkinkan secara terbatas, sehubungan dengan kemungkinan morbiditas hati. Prognosisnya buruk. Hanya reseksi parsial yang dilakukan pada tumor ganas terlokalisasi pada hati yang cukup sehat, memberikan kemungkinan penyembuhan. Persentase kekambuhan sesudah reseksi kuratif hampir 60%.
Metastasis hati
Metastasis di hati, pertama-tama merupakan semaian dari semua jenis kanker di dalam saluran pencemaan makanan yang masuk lewat vena porta. Selanjutnya, datang dari tumor induk organ-organ lainnya, seperti dari jalan udara (terutama dari kanker paru), saluran kemih (seperti ginjal, prostat dan kandung kemih), organ kelamin, payudara, melanoma, dan tulang. Jadi tumor-tumor ini, bukan kanker hati, melainkan metastasis dad tumor ganas lain, dengan semua ciri kanker induknya.
Gejala klinis pada metastasis luas di had adalah keadaan umum yang lemah, panas, kehilangan nafsu makan, demam yang tidak dapat dijelaskan sebabnya, dan kehilangan gairah hidup. Sekali-sekali, reseksi dapat dilakukan apabila menyangkut tumor dalam jumlah kecil tanpa ada penyebaran di tempat lain. Nyeri karena pertumbuhan masuk dari metastasis ke kapsula hati dapat ditangani secara paliatif dengan penyinaran. Pemberian sitostatika secara intra-arterial juga dapat memberikan efek paliatif. Untuk metastasis terisolir dari tumor induk yang penanganannya bersifat kuratif, dapat dipertimbangkan untuk melakukan reseksi. Hal ini menyangkut kemungkinan untuk mencoba mencapai penyembuhan.
Pustaka
Kanker, Apakahitu? Oleh Prof. Dr. Wim. de Jong
Baca Juga:
* November 20, 2010 -- Patologi Hepatoma
Tumor primer ada 2 macam, yaitu Hepatoma atau karsinoma hepatoselular, yang tumbuh di dalam sel hati dan Kolangiokarsinoma, yang tumbuh dari sel-sel dinding saluran empedu. Hepatoma erat kaitannva dengan sakit hati yang disebut sebagai Hepatitis B, yang banyak terdapat di Asia, Afrika, dan Timu...
* December 15, 2010 -- Deteksi Dini Kanker
Deteksi dini penyakit kanker dapat dilakukan dengan memerhatikan gejala-gejala awal penyakit kanker, seperti batuk yang menetap, gangguan pencernaan yang menetap, mulut kering, bibir pecah-pecah, dan perdarahan dari lubang-lubang tubuh. Selain itu, dapat pula melakukan screening untuk mengidentifika...
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Tags: jenis kanker, kanker hati, Metastasis hati, sirosis hati
This entry was posted on Tuesday, January 11th, 2011 at 11:07 pm and is filed under Epilepsi, Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Ilmu Saraf, Kanker, Kanker Sel Hati, Karsinoma Hepatoseluler, Kebidanan. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.
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Kamis, 20 Januari 2011
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Minggu, 16 Januari 2011
Lancaster General Health
Lancaster General Hospital Releases Infusion Pump/EHR Interoperability Data - Auto Programming Provides An Additional Layer Of Safety
Main Category: Medical Devices / Diagnostics
Article Date: 20 Dec 2009 - 0:00 PDT
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Lancaster General Health in Lancaster, Pa., released data quantifying the benefits of auto programming and interoperability of infusion pumps, bar-code medication administration (BCMA) and electronic health record (EHR) systems. In partnership with Hospira, Inc., (NYSE:HSP - News) and Cerner (Nasdaq:CERN - >News), Lancaster implemented a fully auto-programmed smart infusion system at the patient bedside. With 56 percent of medication errors in healthcare due to improperly intravenously (I.V.) administered medications and, of those errors, 61 percent leading to serious or life-threatening consequences, the use of auto-programmed smart infusion pumps has been viewed as a tool that could help reduce numerous medication administration errors and improve patient safety(1),(2),(3). In recognition of Lancaster's success with auto programming, the hospital received the Best Practices Award In Health-System Pharmacy yesterday at the 2009 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) Midyear Clinical Meeting and Exhibition.
"As a Thompson Reuters Top 100 Hospital with Magnet designation, we are dedicated to ensuring the safest and highest level of quality care for our patients," said Amanda Prusch, PharmD, BCPS, Medication Safety Pharmacist, Lancaster General Health. "Our goal was to demonstrate that auto-programming provides an additional layer of safety than the stand-alone technologies and by streamlining the IV medication administration process, the potential for error would be reduced."
For Lancaster, device interoperability has shown advantages over the independent technologies. The success the hospital has seen post-implementation includes:
- Reducing the amount of time nurses spend programming infusion pumps by 24.8 percent. - Streamlining workflow by reducing the number of infusion pump programming steps from 17 to 7. - Reduction in manual pump programming edits, or reprogramming, by greater than 90 percent(4).
"Everyone is very excited and impressed with what has been accomplished at Lancaster," said Symeria Hudson, vice president, Medication Management Systems, U.S., Hospira. "It is an industry-changing step for the industry to have hard data showing the improved patient safety and efficiency benefits of auto programming, which we have known anecdotally for years."
This type of device interoperability integrates the EHR, BCMA and smart infusion pumps into a bar-code driven workflow that automatically populates pharmacist-validated, provider-ordered infusion parameters on the infusion pump. This integrated data flow is bi-directional, which allows infusion-specific data from the pump to be automatically charted in the electronic medication administration record (eMAR) within the patient EHR.
Using individual barcodes on the patients' hospital I.D. wristbands, I.V. bag and infusion pump, the auto programming process pulls information from the EHR allowing the nurse to confirm that the right drug and right dose is being administered to the right patient, at the right time and by the right route -- often referred to as the five rights of medication administration. Auto programming extends the verification process to ensure the infusion pump is programmed as ordered by the provider with additional pharmacist oversight.
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"Working together with Hospira, Cerner has been able to help Lancaster implement a solution that removes a potential source of error from the medication administration process and streamlines workflow for clinicians," said Tom Herzog, Cerner's vice president for IT and healthcare devices. "The benefits recognized by Lancaster illustrate how seamless interoperability between the medication pumps, barcode technology and EHRs can improve patient safety."
This fully-integrated, seamless system was developed and implemented by Cerner and Hospira. The Hospira Plum A+(TM) infusion pump with Hospira MedNet(TM) safety software is connected to the Cerner Bridge(TM) Medication Administration solution, which enables five-rights checking through a series of barcodes.
The Hospira Plum A+(TM) infusion pump with Hospira MedNet(TM) safety software and Cerner Bridge Medication Administration solution will be demonstrated at the ASHP MidYear Meeting and Exhibition through Dec. 10 at the Venetian Hotels and Sands Expo Center in Las Vegas. The Hospira booth is number 123 and the Cerner booth is number 2603.
About Lancaster General Hospital
Lancaster General is a non-profit health system of more than two dozen health care locations including Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster General Health Campus, Lancaster General Women & Babies Hospital and Lancaster General Medical Group. A Magnet hospital for clinical excellence, Lancaster General Hospital is the keystone of the health system and has been named one of America's 100 Top Hospitals seven out of the last nine years. For more information about Lancaster General, visit http://www.LancasterGeneral.org.
About Hospira
Hospira, Inc. is a global specialty pharmaceutical and medication delivery company dedicated to Advancing Wellness(TM). As the world leader in specialty generic injectable pharmaceuticals, Hospira offers one of the broadest portfolios of generic acute-care and oncology injectables, as well as integrated infusion therapy and medication management solutions. Through its products, Hospira helps improve the safety, cost and productivity of patient care. The company is headquartered in Lake Forest, Ill., and has approximately 14,000 employees. Learn more at http://www.hospira.com.
About Cerner
Cerner is transforming healthcare by eliminating error, variance and waste for healthcare providers and consumers around the world. Cerner solutions optimize processes for healthcare organizations ranging in size from single-doctor practices, to health systems, to entire countries, for the pharmaceutical and medical device industries, and for the healthcare commerce system. These solutions are licensed by more than 8,000 facilities around the world, including approximately 2,100 hospitals; 3,300 physician practices covering more than 30,000 physicians; 500 ambulatory facilities, such as laboratories, ambulatory centers, cardiac facilities, radiology clinics and surgery centers; 600 home-health facilities; and 1,500 retail pharmacies. The following are trademarks of Cerner: Cerner, Cerner's logo, and Cerner Bridge. Nasdaq: CERN. For more information about Cerner, please visit the Web site at http://www.cerner.com.
(1) Vanderveen T. Averting highest-risk errors is first priority. Patient Safety and Quality Healthcare 2005. http://www.psqh.com/mayjun05/averting.html accessed on 8/3/2009.
(2) Hatcher I, Sullivan M, Hutchinson J, et al. An intravenous medication safety system: preventing high-risk medication errors at the point of care. Journal of Nursing Administration. 2004; 34;437-439.
(3) Ross LM, Wallace J, Paton JY. Medication errors in a pediatric teaching hospital in the UK: five years operational experience. Archives of Diseases in Childhood. 2000; 83;492-497.
(4) Prusch, Amanda E., et al. "Introducing intravenous interoperability: expanding the pharmacist's role in medication administration." American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Mid-Year Meeting and Exhibition Award Paper Abstracts (December 2009). http://ashpadvantage.com/bestpractices/2009_papers/Prusch.htm Accessed on Dec. 1, 2009
Source
Lancaster General Health
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Lancaster General Health in Lancaster, Pa., released data quantifying the benefits of auto programming and interoperability of infusion pumps, bar-code medication administration (BCMA) and electronic health record (EHR) systems. In partnership with Hospira, Inc., (NYSE:HSP - News) and Cerner (Nasdaq:CERN - >News), Lancaster implemented a fully auto-programmed smart infusion system at the patient bedside. With 56 percent of medication errors in healthcare due to improperly intravenously (I.V.) administered medications and, of those errors, 61 percent leading to serious or life-threatening consequences, the use of auto-programmed smart infusion pumps has been viewed as a tool that could help reduce numerous medication administration errors and improve patient safety(1),(2),(3). In recognition of Lancaster's success with auto programming, the hospital received the Best Practices Award In Health-System Pharmacy yesterday at the 2009 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) Midyear Clinical Meeting and Exhibition.
"As a Thompson Reuters Top 100 Hospital with Magnet designation, we are dedicated to ensuring the safest and highest level of quality care for our patients," said Amanda Prusch, PharmD, BCPS, Medication Safety Pharmacist, Lancaster General Health. "Our goal was to demonstrate that auto-programming provides an additional layer of safety than the stand-alone technologies and by streamlining the IV medication administration process, the potential for error would be reduced."
For Lancaster, device interoperability has shown advantages over the independent technologies. The success the hospital has seen post-implementation includes:
- Reducing the amount of time nurses spend programming infusion pumps by 24.8 percent. - Streamlining workflow by reducing the number of infusion pump programming steps from 17 to 7. - Reduction in manual pump programming edits, or reprogramming, by greater than 90 percent(4).
"Everyone is very excited and impressed with what has been accomplished at Lancaster," said Symeria Hudson, vice president, Medication Management Systems, U.S., Hospira. "It is an industry-changing step for the industry to have hard data showing the improved patient safety and efficiency benefits of auto programming, which we have known anecdotally for years."
This type of device interoperability integrates the EHR, BCMA and smart infusion pumps into a bar-code driven workflow that automatically populates pharmacist-validated, provider-ordered infusion parameters on the infusion pump. This integrated data flow is bi-directional, which allows infusion-specific data from the pump to be automatically charted in the electronic medication administration record (eMAR) within the patient EHR.
Using individual barcodes on the patients' hospital I.D. wristbands, I.V. bag and infusion pump, the auto programming process pulls information from the EHR allowing the nurse to confirm that the right drug and right dose is being administered to the right patient, at the right time and by the right route -- often referred to as the five rights of medication administration. Auto programming extends the verification process to ensure the infusion pump is programmed as ordered by the provider with additional pharmacist oversight.
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"Working together with Hospira, Cerner has been able to help Lancaster implement a solution that removes a potential source of error from the medication administration process and streamlines workflow for clinicians," said Tom Herzog, Cerner's vice president for IT and healthcare devices. "The benefits recognized by Lancaster illustrate how seamless interoperability between the medication pumps, barcode technology and EHRs can improve patient safety."
This fully-integrated, seamless system was developed and implemented by Cerner and Hospira. The Hospira Plum A+(TM) infusion pump with Hospira MedNet(TM) safety software is connected to the Cerner Bridge(TM) Medication Administration solution, which enables five-rights checking through a series of barcodes.
The Hospira Plum A+(TM) infusion pump with Hospira MedNet(TM) safety software and Cerner Bridge Medication Administration solution will be demonstrated at the ASHP MidYear Meeting and Exhibition through Dec. 10 at the Venetian Hotels and Sands Expo Center in Las Vegas. The Hospira booth is number 123 and the Cerner booth is number 2603.
About Lancaster General Hospital
Lancaster General is a non-profit health system of more than two dozen health care locations including Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster General Health Campus, Lancaster General Women & Babies Hospital and Lancaster General Medical Group. A Magnet hospital for clinical excellence, Lancaster General Hospital is the keystone of the health system and has been named one of America's 100 Top Hospitals seven out of the last nine years. For more information about Lancaster General, visit http://www.LancasterGeneral.org.
About Hospira
Hospira, Inc. is a global specialty pharmaceutical and medication delivery company dedicated to Advancing Wellness(TM). As the world leader in specialty generic injectable pharmaceuticals, Hospira offers one of the broadest portfolios of generic acute-care and oncology injectables, as well as integrated infusion therapy and medication management solutions. Through its products, Hospira helps improve the safety, cost and productivity of patient care. The company is headquartered in Lake Forest, Ill., and has approximately 14,000 employees. Learn more at http://www.hospira.com.
About Cerner
Cerner is transforming healthcare by eliminating error, variance and waste for healthcare providers and consumers around the world. Cerner solutions optimize processes for healthcare organizations ranging in size from single-doctor practices, to health systems, to entire countries, for the pharmaceutical and medical device industries, and for the healthcare commerce system. These solutions are licensed by more than 8,000 facilities around the world, including approximately 2,100 hospitals; 3,300 physician practices covering more than 30,000 physicians; 500 ambulatory facilities, such as laboratories, ambulatory centers, cardiac facilities, radiology clinics and surgery centers; 600 home-health facilities; and 1,500 retail pharmacies. The following are trademarks of Cerner: Cerner, Cerner's logo, and Cerner Bridge. Nasdaq: CERN. For more information about Cerner, please visit the Web site at http://www.cerner.com.
(1) Vanderveen T. Averting highest-risk errors is first priority. Patient Safety and Quality Healthcare 2005. http://www.psqh.com/mayjun05/averting.html accessed on 8/3/2009.
(2) Hatcher I, Sullivan M, Hutchinson J, et al. An intravenous medication safety system: preventing high-risk medication errors at the point of care. Journal of Nursing Administration. 2004; 34;437-439.
(3) Ross LM, Wallace J, Paton JY. Medication errors in a pediatric teaching hospital in the UK: five years operational experience. Archives of Diseases in Childhood. 2000; 83;492-497.
(4) Prusch, Amanda E., et al. "Introducing intravenous interoperability: expanding the pharmacist's role in medication administration." American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Mid-Year Meeting and Exhibition Award Paper Abstracts (December 2009). http://ashpadvantage.com/bestpractices/2009_papers/Prusch.htm Accessed on Dec. 1, 2009
Source
Lancaster General Health
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then click to rate) Patient / Public:
Minggu, 09 Januari 2011
Pentingnya Cuci Tangan
Mencuci tangan sebelum makan sudah menjadi keharusan agar kita terlindung dari bahaya kuman yang ikut masuk ke tubuh kita. Kuman inilah yang dapat ditularkan dan menyebabkan kita menjadi sakit, tentunya dengan beberapa cara yaitu melalui droplet (percikan ludah) pada saat batuk atau bersin. Melalui benda-benda yang telah terkontaminasi oleh kuman. Melalui cairan tubuh penderita misalnya air seni. Melalui tangan yang kotor dan melalui makanan atau minuman yang terkontaminasi.
Tangan yang terkontaminasi oleh kuman-kuman itu akan menempel pada permukaan kulit, itu merupakan salah satu cara penularan penyakit. Cuci tangan yang baik merupakan benteng pertahanan tubuh pertama dalam mencegah kita sakit.
Cuci tangan yang baik
Cuci tangan tidak sekedar hanya membasahi tangan kita dengan air saja. Namun untuk membersihkan tangan kita dari kotoran maupun kuman (walaupun tidak seluruh kuman dapat hilang), diperlukan cuci tangan yang baik. Contohkancara mencuci tangan yang baik ini kepada si kecil. Atau lakukanlah bersama-sama. Jadikanlah suatu rutinitas setiap kali kita hendak makan.
Cuci tangan di air hangat.
Karena air hangat dapat membunuh kuman lebih baik dibanding air dingin.
Gunakan sabun dan lumuri tangan anda hingga 10 – 15 detik. Tidak perlu menggunakan sabun anti bakteri, sabun biasa saja sudah cukup. Cuci dengan bersih seluruh tangan anda, termasuk sela-sela jari, di bawah kuku, dan juga siku.
Bilas dan keringkan dengan handuk bersih.
Cucilah tangan bukan saja hanya pada saat kita ingin makan, tapi juga pada saat kita memasak, setelah membersihkan perabot atau ruangan, setelah dari WC, setelah bermain dengan binatang peliharaan, dan setelah melakukan kegiatan di luar rumah, seperti berkebun, bermain dan lain-lain. Janganlah memandang enteng kemampuan dari sebuah cuci tangan. Tindakan yang sederhana, hanya memerlukan waktu beberapa menit, tapi dapat menghindarkan anda menderita sakit yang berhari-hari. (cy)
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Tangan yang terkontaminasi oleh kuman-kuman itu akan menempel pada permukaan kulit, itu merupakan salah satu cara penularan penyakit. Cuci tangan yang baik merupakan benteng pertahanan tubuh pertama dalam mencegah kita sakit.
Cuci tangan yang baik
Cuci tangan tidak sekedar hanya membasahi tangan kita dengan air saja. Namun untuk membersihkan tangan kita dari kotoran maupun kuman (walaupun tidak seluruh kuman dapat hilang), diperlukan cuci tangan yang baik. Contohkancara mencuci tangan yang baik ini kepada si kecil. Atau lakukanlah bersama-sama. Jadikanlah suatu rutinitas setiap kali kita hendak makan.
Cuci tangan di air hangat.
Karena air hangat dapat membunuh kuman lebih baik dibanding air dingin.
Gunakan sabun dan lumuri tangan anda hingga 10 – 15 detik. Tidak perlu menggunakan sabun anti bakteri, sabun biasa saja sudah cukup. Cuci dengan bersih seluruh tangan anda, termasuk sela-sela jari, di bawah kuku, dan juga siku.
Bilas dan keringkan dengan handuk bersih.
Cucilah tangan bukan saja hanya pada saat kita ingin makan, tapi juga pada saat kita memasak, setelah membersihkan perabot atau ruangan, setelah dari WC, setelah bermain dengan binatang peliharaan, dan setelah melakukan kegiatan di luar rumah, seperti berkebun, bermain dan lain-lain. Janganlah memandang enteng kemampuan dari sebuah cuci tangan. Tindakan yang sederhana, hanya memerlukan waktu beberapa menit, tapi dapat menghindarkan anda menderita sakit yang berhari-hari. (cy)
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Kamis, 06 Januari 2011
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Home Page > Health > Alternative Medicine > Few Strategies How to Keep Your Body Health and Beautiful Through Water Therapy
Few Strategies How to Keep Your Body Health and Beautiful Through Water Therapy
Edit Article | Posted: Aug 04, 2008 |Comments: 0 | Views: 1,580 |
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Almost all of people world wide know water. According of health research proved that water has functions for health and beauty. Water has function to dissolve mono saccharides, amino acid, fat, vitamin and mineral in our body.
Water also has catalyst function that can take quickest biology reaction, include metabolism out from kidney, lung and skin.
Water also has function to stabilize body temperature, hot distribution so that body temperature keeps around 37degree. Because of water important role for our body, Prof. S. Periasamy DIM and D.ACC Bahiraj Vedante, from Maharish Charity Kantha Health research takes research about water therapeutic. According to him, water therapy is pure and can implement two ways, through internal and external therapy. We can drink water beside effect to our body health and beauty. We describe few advantages water therapy below.
1.We can keep health through drinking enough water with right method, especially for health complaint in headache, eye illness, obesity, high blood pressure. Drinking water with right method can stabilize poison in our body. Water therapy can keep liquid in our body so that our blood avoid from viscosity.
2.Sun and pollution always make our skin dry and damage. Drinking water will make your skin elasticity, clean and moist so that avoid from drying and wrinkle.
3.Water therapy can balance your weight, especially people have obesity problem. Drink water before eating can help to decrease amount of food that we consume. Water can improve metabolism so that you can avoid to eat so much.
We must drink water between 2 until 2,5 liter a day, this amount include from vegetables, fruits, food that we consume, such as milk, coffee, soup
We must drink water every day in order to stabilize liquid that spends from our body such as urine, breath, sweat and digestion.
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Home Page > Health > Alternative Medicine > Few Strategies How to Keep Your Body Health and Beautiful Through Water Therapy
Few Strategies How to Keep Your Body Health and Beautiful Through Water Therapy
Edit Article | Posted: Aug 04, 2008 |Comments: 0 | Views: 1,580 |
Share
Ads by Google
Advanced Naturals www.yourwaytowellness.com
Free Shipping on Advanced Naturals Advanced Naturals Full Line InStock
Total Parasite Cleanse. ParasiteCleanse.com
Safely remove parasite & their eggs Rid your body of harmful organisms.
Almost all of people world wide know water. According of health research proved that water has functions for health and beauty. Water has function to dissolve mono saccharides, amino acid, fat, vitamin and mineral in our body.
Water also has catalyst function that can take quickest biology reaction, include metabolism out from kidney, lung and skin.
Water also has function to stabilize body temperature, hot distribution so that body temperature keeps around 37degree. Because of water important role for our body, Prof. S. Periasamy DIM and D.ACC Bahiraj Vedante, from Maharish Charity Kantha Health research takes research about water therapeutic. According to him, water therapy is pure and can implement two ways, through internal and external therapy. We can drink water beside effect to our body health and beauty. We describe few advantages water therapy below.
1.We can keep health through drinking enough water with right method, especially for health complaint in headache, eye illness, obesity, high blood pressure. Drinking water with right method can stabilize poison in our body. Water therapy can keep liquid in our body so that our blood avoid from viscosity.
2.Sun and pollution always make our skin dry and damage. Drinking water will make your skin elasticity, clean and moist so that avoid from drying and wrinkle.
3.Water therapy can balance your weight, especially people have obesity problem. Drink water before eating can help to decrease amount of food that we consume. Water can improve metabolism so that you can avoid to eat so much.
We must drink water between 2 until 2,5 liter a day, this amount include from vegetables, fruits, food that we consume, such as milk, coffee, soup
We must drink water every day in order to stabilize liquid that spends from our body such as urine, breath, sweat and digestion.
Retrieved from "http://www.articlesbase.com/alternative-medicine-articles/few-strategies-how-to-keep-your-body-health-and-beautiful-through-water-therapy-508027.html"
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Under Creative Commons License: Attribution
Few Strategies How to Keep Your Body Health and Beautiful Through Water Therapy
Edit Article | Posted: Aug 04, 2008 |Comments: 0 | Views: 1,580 |
Share
Ads by Google
Advanced Naturals www.yourwaytowellness.com
Free Shipping on Advanced Naturals Advanced Naturals Full Line InStock
Total Parasite Cleanse. ParasiteCleanse.com
Safely remove parasite & their eggs Rid your body of harmful organisms.
Almost all of people world wide know water. According of health research proved that water has functions for health and beauty. Water has function to dissolve mono saccharides, amino acid, fat, vitamin and mineral in our body.
Water also has catalyst function that can take quickest biology reaction, include metabolism out from kidney, lung and skin.
Water also has function to stabilize body temperature, hot distribution so that body temperature keeps around 37degree. Because of water important role for our body, Prof. S. Periasamy DIM and D.ACC Bahiraj Vedante, from Maharish Charity Kantha Health research takes research about water therapeutic. According to him, water therapy is pure and can implement two ways, through internal and external therapy. We can drink water beside effect to our body health and beauty. We describe few advantages water therapy below.
1.We can keep health through drinking enough water with right method, especially for health complaint in headache, eye illness, obesity, high blood pressure. Drinking water with right method can stabilize poison in our body. Water therapy can keep liquid in our body so that our blood avoid from viscosity.
2.Sun and pollution always make our skin dry and damage. Drinking water will make your skin elasticity, clean and moist so that avoid from drying and wrinkle.
3.Water therapy can balance your weight, especially people have obesity problem. Drink water before eating can help to decrease amount of food that we consume. Water can improve metabolism so that you can avoid to eat so much.
We must drink water between 2 until 2,5 liter a day, this amount include from vegetables, fruits, food that we consume, such as milk, coffee, soup
We must drink water every day in order to stabilize liquid that spends from our body such as urine, breath, sweat and digestion.
Retrieved from "http://www.articlesbase.com/alternative-medicine-articles/few-strategies-how-to-keep-your-body-health-and-beautiful-through-water-therapy-508027.html"
(ArticlesBase SC #508027)
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Read more: http://www.articlesbase.com/alternative-medicine-articles/few-strategies-how-to-keep-your-body-health-and-beautiful-through-water-therapy-508027.html#ixzz1AJsz3G7X
Under Creative Commons License: Attribution
Home Page > Health > Alternative Medicine > Few Strategies How to Keep Your Body Health and Beautiful Through Water Therapy
Few Strategies How to Keep Your Body Health and Beautiful Through Water Therapy
Edit Article | Posted: Aug 04, 2008 |Comments: 0 | Views: 1,580 |
Share
Ads by Google
Advanced Naturals www.yourwaytowellness.com
Free Shipping on Advanced Naturals Advanced Naturals Full Line InStock
Total Parasite Cleanse. ParasiteCleanse.com
Safely remove parasite & their eggs Rid your body of harmful organisms.
Almost all of people world wide know water. According of health research proved that water has functions for health and beauty. Water has function to dissolve mono saccharides, amino acid, fat, vitamin and mineral in our body.
Water also has catalyst function that can take quickest biology reaction, include metabolism out from kidney, lung and skin.
Water also has function to stabilize body temperature, hot distribution so that body temperature keeps around 37degree. Because of water important role for our body, Prof. S. Periasamy DIM and D.ACC Bahiraj Vedante, from Maharish Charity Kantha Health research takes research about water therapeutic. According to him, water therapy is pure and can implement two ways, through internal and external therapy. We can drink water beside effect to our body health and beauty. We describe few advantages water therapy below.
1.We can keep health through drinking enough water with right method, especially for health complaint in headache, eye illness, obesity, high blood pressure. Drinking water with right method can stabilize poison in our body. Water therapy can keep liquid in our body so that our blood avoid from viscosity.
2.Sun and pollution always make our skin dry and damage. Drinking water will make your skin elasticity, clean and moist so that avoid from drying and wrinkle.
3.Water therapy can balance your weight, especially people have obesity problem. Drink water before eating can help to decrease amount of food that we consume. Water can improve metabolism so that you can avoid to eat so much.
We must drink water between 2 until 2,5 liter a day, this amount include from vegetables, fruits, food that we consume, such as milk, coffee, soup
We must drink water every day in order to stabilize liquid that spends from our body such as urine, breath, sweat and digestion.
Retrieved from "http://www.articlesbase.com/alternative-medicine-articles/few-strategies-how-to-keep-your-body-health-and-beautiful-through-water-therapy-508027.html"
(ArticlesBase SC #508027)
Liked this article? Click here to publish it on your website or blog, it's free and easy!
Read more: http://www.articlesbase.com/alternative-medicine-articles/few-strategies-how-to-keep-your-body-health-and-beautiful-through-water-therapy-508027.html#ixzz1AJsz3G7X
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What is nutrition?
Nutrition is the intake of food and drink by the human body and the subsequent chemical and physical processes that occur within the body when the food is broken down and the nutrients needed to maintain the body and keep it in good working order are released.
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Why is good nutrition so important?
Food and the nutrients obtained from food are vital to keep the body healthy and alive. Nutrients are required in order to build and repair cells and body tissues, maintain the organs and bones in optimum working condition and to provide energy, fuel and warmth.
Good nutrition is essential for good health and eating nutritious food can help to prevent against common ailments, as well as more life threatening illnesses and diseases.
Medical scientists now believe that a third of all cancers and most cases of heart disease are related to poor diet.
Nowadays, we are becoming more aware of how our diet is important to our health and that it is vital that we eat the right kinds of food to stay healthy and fit.
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How is good nutrition achieved?
Different types of food provide the body with different nutrients. It is impossible to obtain all the necessary nutrients needed for good health and growth, solely from one type of food. Therefore, good nutrition and good health is achieved by eating a well-balanced, healthy and varied diet.
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What is a balanced diet?
Food can be broken down into 5 major groups. These groups are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals and water. The body needs varying amounts of these types of food so that the adequate amount of nutrients is supplied to the body. A well-balanced diet does not mean an equal amount of each type of food, as our body requires more of some nutrients than others.
Each type of food plays a significant role in our body but excesses or deficiencies of certain types of food can also harm the body and produce a negative impact on our health.
It is very important that we know how much of each type of food we are supposed to consume and that we eat in a sensible way. This means eating regular meals at least three times a day and drinking plenty of water.
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What are carbohydrates and how much should we eat?
Carbohydrates provide the body with fuel and energy to keep going throughout the day and should make up half the daily intake of food.
Carbohydrates can be classified as simple or complex. Simple carbohydrates are made up of sugars, which are quickly broken down by the body to give a sudden energy rush and these should be limited in the diet.
A good, healthy diet should contain a high proportion of complex carbohydrates, which are high in fibre and low in fat. Complex carbohydrates are broken down less quickly by the body and provide a longer lasting and steadier flow of energy to the body.
Complex carbohydrates come in the form of bread, pasta, cereals, rice and potatoes and if possible the wholemeal variety should be consumed i.e.: brown rice, wholemeal bread, whole wheat pasta.
According to nutritionists working for the American Government, a person should eat between 6 - 11 servings of complex carbohydrates a day.
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What about proteins?
Proteins are necessary for the growth and repair of the body's muscles, cells and tissues. They protect the body from infection and disease and are also good sources of some vitamins and minerals.
Proteins are essentially obtained from products of animal origin, such as meat, dairy products, eggs and fish, however, as they also contain certain amounts of fat, they should be consumed in smaller quantities than other types of food.
Proteins can also be derived from vegetable products such as beans, lentils, nuts and rice.
Experts advise us to consume 2 - 3 servings of meat, poultry, seafood, eggs or pulses a day and 2 - 3 servings of dairy products.
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Which types of food supply us with the correct vitamins and minerals?
Fruit and vegetables provide us with vitamins and minerals and should make up the second largest part of our daily diet.
Vitamins and minerals keep the body healthy and help to prevent against many illnesses and diseases. They are vital to the correct function of our immune and nervous systems and are paramount to good health.
A person with glowing and radiant skin, shiny hair and an abundance of energy is sure to eat a diet that is full of vitamins and minerals.
A healthy diet is made up of 2 - 4 servings of fruit and 3 - 5 servings of vegetables a day. It is important to note that raw fruit and vegetables are much better for the body, as they retain most of their nutrients. Many nutrients can be lost during the cooking process.
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Should we eliminate fats from our diet?
Not all fats should be totally eliminated from our diet, as some types of fat are actually good for us in small quantities, and are essential for our bodies to function properly.
We should avoid saturated fats, which are the "bad" fats, which if consumed in excess can lead to cardiovascular disease amongst a whole range of other illnesses.
Saturated fats are found in unhealthy processed foods such as crisps, cakes, biscuits, and in most animal and dairy products such as sausages, beef burgers, bacon, pork, lamb, some cheeses, butter and full fat milk.
The "good" fats are polyunsaturated fats in particular and monounsaturated fats, which can both actually lower the cholesterol levels in our blood and prevent heart disease.
Good sources of these fats can be obtained from oily fish such as sardines, mackerel, salmon and trout, olive oil, avocados, nuts and seeds, green leafy vegetables and wholegrain cereals.
It is recommended that no more than 10% of our daily calorie intake is made up of saturated fats and that 25 - 35% of our daily calorie intake is from fats in general.
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Do we really have to drink so much water?
Water is vital for life and our body depends on it. Around 70% of our body is made up of water and therefore water is essential in order for the body to function correctly. Without water our body will become dehydrated and eventually ill.
Every process that takes place within the body relies on water. Water is needed to transport nutrients and oxygen all around the body to where they are needed and is necessary for processes such as digestion, circulation and the excretion and elimination of toxins and waste to take place.
All foods are made up of varying percentages of water but this is not enough and experts recommend that 8 glasses of water should be consumed per day for good health.
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And to summarise?
Basically, for optimum health a well-balanced diet should include plenty of complex carbohydrates, lots of fresh fruit and vegetables, a moderate amount of meat and dairy products, 8 glasses of water a day and a limited amount of saturated fats and sugars.
A well-balanced diet should also be complemented with plenty of exercise, a small intake of alcohol and no smoking whatsoever.
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Nutrition is the intake of food and drink by the human body and the subsequent chemical and physical processes that occur within the body when the food is broken down and the nutrients needed to maintain the body and keep it in good working order are released.
spr
Why is good nutrition so important?
Food and the nutrients obtained from food are vital to keep the body healthy and alive. Nutrients are required in order to build and repair cells and body tissues, maintain the organs and bones in optimum working condition and to provide energy, fuel and warmth.
Good nutrition is essential for good health and eating nutritious food can help to prevent against common ailments, as well as more life threatening illnesses and diseases.
Medical scientists now believe that a third of all cancers and most cases of heart disease are related to poor diet.
Nowadays, we are becoming more aware of how our diet is important to our health and that it is vital that we eat the right kinds of food to stay healthy and fit.
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How is good nutrition achieved?
Different types of food provide the body with different nutrients. It is impossible to obtain all the necessary nutrients needed for good health and growth, solely from one type of food. Therefore, good nutrition and good health is achieved by eating a well-balanced, healthy and varied diet.
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What is a balanced diet?
Food can be broken down into 5 major groups. These groups are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals and water. The body needs varying amounts of these types of food so that the adequate amount of nutrients is supplied to the body. A well-balanced diet does not mean an equal amount of each type of food, as our body requires more of some nutrients than others.
Each type of food plays a significant role in our body but excesses or deficiencies of certain types of food can also harm the body and produce a negative impact on our health.
It is very important that we know how much of each type of food we are supposed to consume and that we eat in a sensible way. This means eating regular meals at least three times a day and drinking plenty of water.
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What are carbohydrates and how much should we eat?
Carbohydrates provide the body with fuel and energy to keep going throughout the day and should make up half the daily intake of food.
Carbohydrates can be classified as simple or complex. Simple carbohydrates are made up of sugars, which are quickly broken down by the body to give a sudden energy rush and these should be limited in the diet.
A good, healthy diet should contain a high proportion of complex carbohydrates, which are high in fibre and low in fat. Complex carbohydrates are broken down less quickly by the body and provide a longer lasting and steadier flow of energy to the body.
Complex carbohydrates come in the form of bread, pasta, cereals, rice and potatoes and if possible the wholemeal variety should be consumed i.e.: brown rice, wholemeal bread, whole wheat pasta.
According to nutritionists working for the American Government, a person should eat between 6 - 11 servings of complex carbohydrates a day.
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What about proteins?
Proteins are necessary for the growth and repair of the body's muscles, cells and tissues. They protect the body from infection and disease and are also good sources of some vitamins and minerals.
Proteins are essentially obtained from products of animal origin, such as meat, dairy products, eggs and fish, however, as they also contain certain amounts of fat, they should be consumed in smaller quantities than other types of food.
Proteins can also be derived from vegetable products such as beans, lentils, nuts and rice.
Experts advise us to consume 2 - 3 servings of meat, poultry, seafood, eggs or pulses a day and 2 - 3 servings of dairy products.
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Which types of food supply us with the correct vitamins and minerals?
Fruit and vegetables provide us with vitamins and minerals and should make up the second largest part of our daily diet.
Vitamins and minerals keep the body healthy and help to prevent against many illnesses and diseases. They are vital to the correct function of our immune and nervous systems and are paramount to good health.
A person with glowing and radiant skin, shiny hair and an abundance of energy is sure to eat a diet that is full of vitamins and minerals.
A healthy diet is made up of 2 - 4 servings of fruit and 3 - 5 servings of vegetables a day. It is important to note that raw fruit and vegetables are much better for the body, as they retain most of their nutrients. Many nutrients can be lost during the cooking process.
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Should we eliminate fats from our diet?
Not all fats should be totally eliminated from our diet, as some types of fat are actually good for us in small quantities, and are essential for our bodies to function properly.
We should avoid saturated fats, which are the "bad" fats, which if consumed in excess can lead to cardiovascular disease amongst a whole range of other illnesses.
Saturated fats are found in unhealthy processed foods such as crisps, cakes, biscuits, and in most animal and dairy products such as sausages, beef burgers, bacon, pork, lamb, some cheeses, butter and full fat milk.
The "good" fats are polyunsaturated fats in particular and monounsaturated fats, which can both actually lower the cholesterol levels in our blood and prevent heart disease.
Good sources of these fats can be obtained from oily fish such as sardines, mackerel, salmon and trout, olive oil, avocados, nuts and seeds, green leafy vegetables and wholegrain cereals.
It is recommended that no more than 10% of our daily calorie intake is made up of saturated fats and that 25 - 35% of our daily calorie intake is from fats in general.
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Do we really have to drink so much water?
Water is vital for life and our body depends on it. Around 70% of our body is made up of water and therefore water is essential in order for the body to function correctly. Without water our body will become dehydrated and eventually ill.
Every process that takes place within the body relies on water. Water is needed to transport nutrients and oxygen all around the body to where they are needed and is necessary for processes such as digestion, circulation and the excretion and elimination of toxins and waste to take place.
All foods are made up of varying percentages of water but this is not enough and experts recommend that 8 glasses of water should be consumed per day for good health.
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And to summarise?
Basically, for optimum health a well-balanced diet should include plenty of complex carbohydrates, lots of fresh fruit and vegetables, a moderate amount of meat and dairy products, 8 glasses of water a day and a limited amount of saturated fats and sugars.
A well-balanced diet should also be complemented with plenty of exercise, a small intake of alcohol and no smoking whatsoever.
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